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Activity of Arboretum
Mardakan
arboretum
is one of
picteuresque
corners
Apsheron
of a peninsula. In it(him) the plenty subtropical wood,
shrubs,
flower,
essential oil
and other plants from local and foreign
флоры
is assembled. Especially have extended
introduction
of work last years. Besides only scientific
meaning(importance) of these works new decorative
subtropical trees and bushes,
essential oil
and the flower plants take root into a national economy
and gardening
Apsheron.
Present WEB - the page pursues the
purpose to acquaint with valuable plants of Australia,
Africa, America, countries of Mediterranean, Japan,
China, Central Asia, Far East, Caucasus and other areas
of globe submitted in
Mardakan
Arboretum.
Arboretum
in
Mardakan
has got popularity as a centre of science of gardening
semi-desert
of areas not only
Apsheron,
but also all Azerbaijan. From here send on streets and
in parks of cities and villages arizone and horizontal
cupraice, Italian pine, drok Spanish, olive European and
many other breeds.
Arboretum,
whence since the first years of his(its) existence the
landing material for an exchange with
worker
planting of greenary
by organizations of Transcaucasia, Central Asia,
Northern Caucasus, Crimea and Southern Ukraine
undertook.
NATURAL - HISTORICAL CONDITIONS
Mardakan
arboretum,
borrowing(occupying) the area 12
hec,
is located in a northeast part
Apsheron
of a peninsula, in 4,5
kms from coast of the Caspian sea, distance from Baku -
40 kms.
The territory of a settlement
Mardakan
is limited from west to a line
plicate.
Lime
stoneми,
in the blocked products
weathering,
is engaged of 80- 85 % of the area. Closer to the sea
there are sand partially fixed, partially mobile and
flying.
A variety of mechanical structure of parent breeds,
redeubling
by outputs(exits) on a surface of edges of layers
lime
stone,
promotes formation of various soil combinations. With
removal(distance) from the sea, on increases, the soil
cover gradually varies, in a complex sand there are
heavier
sandyloam
and easy
loamy
of ground, which depth is mostly insignificant - 0,5-1,0
up to 1,5
м,
but places in
котловинах
they reach(achieve) significant capacity.
Vegetative cover
semiltsert
such as with prevalence
эфемеров.
Natural wood and
bushes
the vegetation almost is absent, only between rocks meet
backthorn
Pallasa,
Georgian
and some other plants.
The territory
arboretum
is located on the first seaside terrace formed(educated)
lime
stoneми
and
shellrack.
The depth of a soil layer small - 0,6-1,5 up to 2,0
м
is more - seldom. Ground alkaline (рН
8-9), concern to
grey
grand
and
sandyloam
of mechanical structure.
The vegetation
arboretum
exists on brought from
Lenkoran
to ground and at artificial
water.
Water undertakes from 4 deep
wells,
punched through
thick
lime
of plates on depth of 30-80 m. Water from
wells
is extorted in spare pool, which capacity of 500
thousand buckets, and from him(it) - in
woter
pool (100 thousand buckets). From last water on pipes
misses on territory of park. The pools were constructed
in 1903-1905
y.
In territory
arboretum
is present 4 old
wells
by depth 35-40
м,
which too are planned to be used with the purposes of
орошения.
In one of these
wells
the underground course connecting
wells
among themselves, - probably, for the large accumulation
of water in the winter period is found out.
The climate
Apsheron
of a peninsula of the Mediterranean type, is
characterized in the soft subtropical winter, hot long
droughty summer clear solar autumn and cold spring. The
basic adverse natural factors: very low humidity of air
and ground, high solar radiation in the summer, poor
low-power
highlycorbonat grey gramd loamy
and
супесчASые
of ground, often storm winds mainly of northern
direction.
The settlement
Mardakan
is located at height 8,2
м
above
ур.
M. Average annual temperature makes 13,9 ", the absolute
minimum reaches(achieves) -16 `C, number of days with
frosts 50. Per separate years of winter are be severe,
temperature of air is lowered up to -15, -1`С.
During last 15 years such downturn of temperature 4
times are marked: in 1963/64, 1966/67, 1968/69, 1971/72
y.
Average annual
the relative humidity of air is equal 78-82 %, but the
summer at
hot
dry wind
can lower up to 30 %. Deposits 180-286 mm per one year,
mainly in
осенне-winter
and partially in spring seasons drop out. The summer
almost without rains, balance of a moisture since June
till August reaches 0,1 %.
The climatic features
Apsheron
of a peninsula pull together it(him) with areas of dry
subtropics. The peninsula involves(attracts) in itself
the special attention as climatic analogue of a
number(line) of subtropical areas of Africa, Asia,
countries of the Mediterranean pool, California, Mexico,
and also as a geographical step for transferring new
plants to other zones of the country. Many
introduction
of a plant from the named subtropical areas in
Arboretum
well grow and develop in an open ground. The truth, the
whims of a climate
Apsheron
complicate education and cultivation of some valuable
breeds.
MURTUZA
MUKHTAROV.
Great
representative of oil industry M.Mukhtarov was born in
1857 in Emirjan village in a coachman's family.
In 1874 Murtuza sold his cart and started his activity
as a worker on one of the oilfields in Balakhany and
Zabrat area.
After some time he also sold to Mukhtarov the oil-field
workshop. M.Mukhtarov carried out several modifications
on the semi-mechanized "Molot" machine-tocl. Because of
getting old the owner also sold him the drilling
equipment workshop in Zabrat settlement.
It is also very significant that M.Mukhtarov took a
contract for drilling 1100 m.-depth-well. In 1895 (first
time in the world) he built the impact drilling machine
with metal bars and received the patent from the state
for the above mentioned machine. He named this invention
"Baku drilling system". This machine was more modern
than the previous ones and met the modern demands. He
also had some other inventions. At the end of XIX
century M.Mukhtarov started the digging equipment
enterprise in Bibiheybat. That time this enterprise was
considered as the first oil equipment enterprise. He
built a three-storied residential buildings for the
workers and employees near the factory and thus, by
gathering a new working power he established an
additional profit source. In 1917 the oil millionaire
invented the first wood planning machine in the world.
At present this machine is stored in the Mining
Institute in Saint-Petersburg.
M.Mukhtarov was selling the machines and equipment
manufactured in the plant in foreign countries. He also
purchased a lot of equipment from foreign countries,
especially from the U.S.A. after the revolution the
equipment was being sent to him from foreign countries.
:
In Vladikavkaz and Amirajan M.Mukhtarov built a grand
2-porches-mosque for muslims as a sign of respect.
Help Jeyhun Gadjibekov ,Katya Mukhtarova and other poor
men
In Shuvelan he established electric dynamics and provide
some Baku villages with energy.
Near Pirallahi he built lighthouse
In Amirajan he built shool for children
The Wedding palace(nowadays)in the center of the city.
All of these was created by love to own people and
motherland
Once in Vladikavkaz in Besland city M.Mukhtarov met
general Tuganov and his daughter Liza khanum. Murtuza
liked Liza khanum and see ked in marriage. M.Mukhtarov
and Liza khanum left for journey to Europe. M.Mukhtarov
loved Liza very much. The architecture of the buildings
in Venise stroke the oil magnate and he built the same
in Baku (1911-1912). Every column, archs, design,
decoration of windows and doors of the palace are the
unique piece of art, treasure of architecture. It Both
like the oilmagnate didn't grudge the money for the
construction of the wedding palace, the architects and
masters didn't grudge their efforts in and skills for
the palace as well. The famous french (polish)
architect Ploshkot designed the palace in the Gothic
style.
M.Mukhtarov designed the second building
in Mardakan garden area in the same Gothic style in the
"ship" form. He went around the Absheron and marking
it's most beautiful corners and klimate conditions he
chose Mardakan Arboretum for his garden location.
Rested from oilmagnate Murtuza Mukhtarov this
beautiful garden nowadays it is under the people
protection and is called Mardakan Arboretum.
MARDAKAN ARBORETUM
By the natural
and geographic peculiarities garden is alike to
Africa,Asia,Mediterranean,California,Mexico climate
suburbs.That’s why outstanding russian scollar
N.Y.Vavilov taking to account garden’s soil,climate
features organize in this territory between 1926-1945
Easten Caucasus branch of Practical Botany and New
Plants Wide Union Institut. The mail goal of this
branch was introdicing different plants from
Africa,Asia,Mediterranean,California,Mexico for enrich
Absheron flora and research. Academic N.Y.Vavilov,
A.D.Strebkova, N.D.Kostechkiy, P.A.Sutov, Y.A.Igorevich,
S.D.Alekberov took part in researches.Academic N.Y.
Vavilov’s researches develop subtropic horticulture in
our Republic.It had been brought seeds and accorns of
15000 kinds plants, 400 kinds decorative trees,100
bushes from different part of world. It had been done a
lot of work for acclimatization, growing and introdicing
plants .
During 1945-1964 Arboretum was experimental center
of Viticulture,Horticulture and Subtropic plants
Institut . During this period it was introduced in the
garden 700 kinds subtropic trees and bushes. It payed
special attention to preserve and increase different
flower,treeand bush collections.
In 1966 garden was given to Botanic Institut’s
protection of Academy of Sciences USSR and created
Mardakan Dendrological Park for learning introduction
and acclimatization of valuable, technic, decorative,
subtropic, ether-iol plants in Absheron conditions .
During 1966-1988 R.M.Abbasov was in charge of Mardakan Arboretum. As a
result of activity it was introduced and cultivated 420
tree and bush kinds,above 100 ether-oil technic and
medicinal herbs,a lot decorative flowers,about 50 wild
plants which represent republic flora.
In nowadays the achivements of outstanding scollars such as Doctor of
Sciences Z.Novruzova, Doctors F.M.Mammadov, A.M.Sadiqov,
Y.U.Karimov, A.S.Shikhiyev, M.I.Agamirova, L.Q.Aliyeva
are using in greening of cities.
The end of XX centure was very difficult period in the
life of Mardakan Arboretum. Many plants were innihilated
and some buildings were destroyed.
In 1996 owing to efforts Academy of Sciences and
Biology branch Mardakan Arboretum was given to the
protection of Biology branch and it had gotten legal
status. During the last 10 years reconstracted not only
kinds’ wealth but also about 700 new plant kinds were
included to collections. Now Mardakan Arboretum is big
research center. The researches include : preserving of
flora genofond,efficient using of plant
deposits,learning acclimatization , introducing and
stability of plants and using plants in aromatherapy.
Here was also created rehabilitation center for learning
ways of adaptation the annimals which are under the
innihilation.For this sake in Arboretum function 4
laboratories and 2 groups.
Lab of introduction
Landscape ecology lab
Decorative architecture lab
Ether-oil lab
Rehabilitation center
Seeds’ (cereal) group
Mardakan Arboretum is a member of World Botanic
Gardens,took part in several international conferences ,
thesises and articles were published in different
editions and local journals.
Now in Mardakan Arboretum work 169 employees, 5
doctors of sciences, 23doctors, 64 research worker.
Rich plant collections, results of researches, a lot
books made famous Mardakan Arboretum in the world. Its
area is original landscape ensemble. Using the best
examples of foreign park design it was formed according
to east and western park architecture traditions.
ARBORETUM’S
PLANT LAYER
Thegarden
plant kinds is the bigest exposition and lays in 24
hectares area.There are plants which are brought from
other continents and countries among the trees and
bushes.Arboretum was formed as landscape park.Here the
plants were laid in order of multiplication.In this plot
wae laid plants of same group but were brought from
different countries.The main garden deposit is
collection which include 1800 kinds
trees,bushes,lianas.By the quantity of kinds and age
index this collection is one of best in the world. The
cypresses which were planted in both sides of main
garden alley distinguished by its diversity.Different
ornamental plants in the blossoming period make garden
more attractive.Eucalyptus,palm-tree, pomegranate,
pine-tree, cypress and oter tree collections were
compiled in the artboretum from all over the world. Many
fertile trees give special beauty to garden by its
foetuses and ornamentality. Conifers decorate the garden
all-year-round.There are many trees with different
trunks .It is dependent on kind of tree. The endemic
plants are very valuable because many of them under the
innihilation as a result antropogen influence.There are
69 from 141 kinds in the arboretum which are included in
“Azerbaijan Red Book”.Mardakan Aboretum as example of
landscape architecture can be counted up as national
property.
GARDEN
COLLECTION RESOURSES
Mardakan Arboretum collection resourses are national and
world property.In alive collection are 1800 species also
1540 forms and sorts. They were laid on the next
expositions and collections:
Name of plots and quantity of spicies.
“Arboretum”(700), “Cultivated plants” (600) ,
“Ornamental plants” (480) , “Resourse hothouse”(280)
NATURE
FLORA PLANTS EXPOSITIONS
In the
east part of garden was situated nature flora plants
exposition.It was created 8 botanico-geographic
expositions in 18 hectares area.
“East Asia flora”, “Middle Asia” , “Northern America
flora”, “Southern America flora”, “Mediterranean
countries’ flora” , “Australia and New Zealand flora” ,
“Caucasus flora” and “Africa flora”
In expositions it demonstrates tundra plants,
different kinds forests,lawns,fields,deserts. Here are
above 1800 kinds , 69 from them rare or under the
innihilation.Around the pools were compiled 25 species
which like humidity. In the artificial hills were
collected the plants from different regions of country.
There are above 1000 kinds of plants in the plots
:“Mediterranean countries’ flora”- 255 species,
“Australia and New Zealand flora” – 105, “Caucasus
flora” - 420, “East Asia flora” – 170, “Northern
America flora”and “Southern America flora” – 180,
“Middle Asia” -109.
FLOWER-ORNAMENT PLANTS’ COLLECTIONS AND EXPOSITIONS
In Mardakan Arboretum was collected
one of the bigest flower-ornament collection in
Europe.Here are 380 kinds from them 22 rose kinds and
300 sorts, 9 narcissus and 35 sorts, 25 lily and 42
sorts, 6 iris kinds and 12 sorts . From rare perennial
plants 75 kinds and 162 sorts are in garden , 28 cactus
kinds 56 sorts .The distinguishing feature of resourse
collection is that there are a lot of ornamrntal kind
from subtropics. Here is also rich fern collection about
15 kinds and 26 sorts. Flower-ornament collection plots
is in close area and it is basis for introduction
reserches. There are expositions such as “The garden
blossoming in order” “Shade garden” in the main garden
area. They were created in landscape architecture style
and it is beauty standart of long – term planting.Here
were addapted stable plants to sity conditions and they
are able to use in greening along the Baku-Ceyhan
pipeline and Silk Road. Flower-ornament collection which
was created by the labour of botanics,gardeners shows
the mehtods used in park and garden construction.
CULTIVATED
PLANTS’ EXPOSITION
The
diversity of cultivated plant is represened in 12
expositions.There are about 600 kinds and 760
sorts.Expositions demonstrate growing and development
of agricultural plants and results of their introduction
in the regions.It is possible to observe here process of
evolution from wild form to modern fertile kinds.It is
also possible to know how may to till a soil and make
cutting.The main dictinction of this exposition is a
plants’ deversity . In Mardakan Arboretum is preserved
big pomegranate collection 18 kinds and 400 sorts,
fertile trees collection 128 kinds and berries 60 kinds
and 130 sorts. Ether-oil plant include 420 kinds.
Medicinal herbs collection consist of 370 kinds.They are
used in science and traditional medicine.Wild kinds of
fertile ones consist of 62 kinds.
RESOURSE HOTHOUSE
Resourse hothouse was created in 1988 and it is tropic
and subtropic plants museum. Here gives information
about biology kwowledge and about nature protection.In
this hothouse reseachers learn the distinctions of
tropic and subtropic plants and their use.The alive
collection in hothouse was bought from German Botanic
Garden and was enriched afterwards by exchange with
different Botanic Gardens. Now in 900 sq.km area have
been collected 270 heatloving kinds and also the bigest
cactus collection in the republic. These collections
have scientific and estetic importance.The warter and
coast plants exposition which include 244 kinds is one
of the best in Europe. Resourse hothouse is plant-wealth
of plants which are under the disappearance.100 kinds of
them were included in International Red Book.It is
possible to get information about rare bonsay
collection.The most of 100 miniature plants are from
Japan and local flora.There are a lot of bonsays in
nature in mardakan arboretum.Bonsay is boundless
posibility of creating work.To grow miniature trees give
possibility to learn plants biology peculiarities and
enrich knowledge about east culture traditions.The
Botanic Museum is functioning in Mardakan Arboretum.
There it demonstrates subyropic and tropic
kinds,valuable trees,foetuses, seeds and acorns.
It was complited all reconstruction works and was
created conference hall and quest house for 40 persons
which meet to world standarts.
GREAT RUSSIAN POET SERGEY ESENIN LIVED AND CREATED HERE
In Mardakan Arboretum had been lived famous russian poet
Sergey Esenin since 1924 till 1926 and created very
popular “Persian motifs” and others poems. It was opened
his house-museum dedicated to his 80-th anniversary.
Acquaintance with First secretary S.Kirov and with
editor of “Bakinskiy rabochiy” P. Chagin made good
influence to his life experience.
During 1924-25 when he was in Baku he created such
poetries and works as “Ballad about 26”, “Anna Snegina”,
“World Capitain”, “Flowers”, “First May”, “Balakhan’s
May”, “Au revoir Baku” also famous “Persian motifs”
In third october
1975 it was opened in Mardakan Dendrological Park his
memorial museum dedicated to his 80 anniversary. And
erected bust.
TRIP RULES IN MARDAKAN ARBORETUM
The
men who come to garden have to maintain rules in common
places to care about greenery and its residents.
1. It is
permitted in garden area:
To walk only along asphalt roads
To take camera and to photograph
To photograph plants which are in collections and
expositions to agree with director.
2.
It is prohibited in garden area
To
damage, and pick up flowers,plants, break equipments
To play in the green plots and become sunburnt
To fish ,swim in the pool and walk with pets
To enter into garden be car, ride a bicycleand bring
different sport equipments
To light camp-fire,pollute garden area to trample the
grass
To use apparatus with aloud voice
Garden’s Administration ask visitors to maintain all
these rules.
The citizens who breach a discipline will be called to
account according to legislation.
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History